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Integral World: Exploring Theories of Everything
An independent forum for a critical discussion of the integral philosophy of Ken Wilber
B. May is a former experimental high-energy particle physicist, data scientist, and business software developer.
Towards a Minimal Metaphysics?Explorations with my Little Local Language ModelB. May / Qwen3-30B
INTRODUCTIONI finally got a computer that can run a variety of small open-source language models in the 1-32 billion parameter range which can fit in 32GB of memory. So far I've played with about a dozen different models from Google (“Gemma” models), Meta (“Llama” models), Mistral (French), and OpenAI (“GPT-OSS” models), and Qwen (Chinese). Performance seems mixed so far, but one that I've found surprising adept and fast is Qwen3-30B-A3B, a 30-billion parameter model from China. This model is 1/50th the size of GPT-4, with its estimated 1.7 trillion parameters. Qwen3 is blazingly fast at 20-30 words per second because it actually has only 3 billion “active” parameters at a time (hence “A3B”). Below is a short conversation on metaphysics and philosophy with Qwen3 to see how it would go. It was surprisingly adept at understanding my questions while answering intelligently. It tends to be bit long-winded, overly enthusiastic and flowery for my tastes, but the conversation is out of the box with no tweaking of its system prompt. (I later tested with a different system prompt, and it can also be more neutral and measured in tone.) I hope to share more about my testing and explorations with small language models, in time.
TL;DR (Paraphrased quote from Qwen3)“True metaphysics might be the quiet, ongoing practice of not forcing reality into a shape it does not want to wear.
CONVERSATION WITH QWEN3Q: I want to explore the notion of a 'minimal' metaphysics. It seems there are a few ideas that could fit this: all is made of one substance, all is relation, all is empty of ultimate form. Logically do these form a complete set of exclusive alternatives for a minimal metaphysics?
That's a profound and philosophically rich question—exploring the possibility of a minimal metaphysics through a set of core, mutually exclusive (or at least non-redundant) ontological principles. You've identified three candidate principles: 1. All is made of one substance (monism of substance) 2. All is relation (relationalism) 3. All is empty of ultimate form (emptiness, anti-essentialism) Let's examine whether these form a complete and exclusive set of alternatives for a minimal metaphysics. We'll break this down carefully. Step 1: What is "minimal metaphysics"?A minimal metaphysics would aim to state the simplest possible set of assumptions about reality that still allow for a coherent account of existence, change, structure, and experience. It's not a full theory of everything, but a foundational framework—what must be true in order for anything to be true at all, in a minimal sense. Minimal metaphysics often seeks to avoid unnecessary ontological commitments (via Ockham's razor), yet still provide a basis for explaining the world. Step 2: Analyzing Your Three Candidates1. All is made of one substance (e.g., Spinoza's Deus sive Natura, or Heraclitus' panta rhei) • Core idea: There is one fundamental ontological category—substance—and everything is either that substance or a mode of it. • Strength: Simplicity. Only one kind of fundamental reality. • Limitation: It commits to substance as primary, which many modern metaphysicians (e.g., structuralists, process philosophers) reject. 2. All is relation (e.g., Whitehead, Russell, some process philosophers, or certain Buddhist/Advaita views) • Core idea: Nothing has intrinsic, independent being. Everything exists only in relation to other things. • Strength: Avoids reifying objects; fits well with quantum physics, networks, and dynamic systems. • Limitation: If everything is relation, what is the relatum? Can you have relations without relata? This leads to debates about whether relations can exist without entities, or if they imply a kind of "substrate." 3. All is empty of ultimate form (e.g., Buddhist sunyata, some interpretations of Heidegger, or certain forms of anti-realism) • Core idea: No thing has a fixed, independent essence or "true nature." Reality is fundamentally indeterminate, fluid, or not ultimately structured. • Strength: Resists reification, supports phenomenological openness, and resonates with quantum mechanics and constructivist epistemologies. • Limitation: Can seem to undercut the possibility of stable knowledge or meaningful description. Step 3: Are These Mutually Exclusive?Let's assess whether these three principles exclude one another. Can all three be true together? Possibly, but not without tension. • Substance + relation: If all is one substance, and that substance is relational, you get a substance monism with relational structure. This is plausible (e.g., Spinoza's God as infinite substance, with all attributes and modes related in a network). So substance and relation can coexist. • Substance + emptiness: If all is one substance, but that substance has no fixed form, you might end up with a dynamic, formless substance (e.g., a processual reality). Possible, but challenges the idea of substance as stable. • Relation + emptiness: If everything is relation and nothing has ultimate form, you get a radical anti-essentialism—relations are not grounded in stable forms. This fits with some views of quantum entanglement or Buddhist philosophy. So they are not logically incompatible. In fact, a full metaphysics might combine them: e.g., one substance (substance), in which all things are relations (relationalism), and which has no fixed essence (emptiness). Thus, they are not mutually exclusive—so they cannot form a complete and exclusive set of alternatives in the way that, say, "either A or not A" would. Step 4: Are These a Complete Set of Alternatives?A "complete" set of alternatives would mean that any possible minimal metaphysics must fall into one and only one of these categories, and that no other fundamental metaphysical principle is possible. But this is doubtful. Why they don't form a complete set: 1. Other foundational metaphysical views exist: • Dualism: Two fundamental kinds of reality (e.g., mind and matter). But this contradicts "minimal" in the sense of simplicity. • Pluralism: Multiple substances or kinds of being. Again, less minimal. • Process metaphysics: Reality is fundamentally becoming, not being. This overlaps with relation and emptiness, but is distinct. • Existentialism/phenomenology: Reality is constituted through experience. This may not fit any of your three. • Idealism: Reality is fundamentally mental. This contradicts substance as primary (if "substance" is physical), but is not captured by relation or emptiness alone. 2. They don't cover all logical possibilities: • What about all is becoming (as in Heraclitus)? This is not captured by substance, relation, or emptiness per se. • What about all is information (e.g., digital physics, informational realism)? That's a different foundational category. 3. "Empty of ultimate form" is not ontological but epistemic/semantic: • Emptiness often implies no fixed essence, but that's a claim about what we can know or say about reality, not a direct ontological claim like "all is substance" or "all is relation." • It may be more a hermeneutic or epistemic stance than a metaphysical one. 4. The three are not equally fundamental: • "All is relation" and "all is empty of ultimate form" may be consequences of a deeper principle (e.g., process, or non-duality). • "All is one substance" is a stronger ontological commitment. Step 5: Is There a Better Minimal Set?Perhaps a better candidate for a minimal metaphysical framework would be a single principle that implies the others or subsumes them, such as: • All is dynamic process (e.g., Whitehead): This implies relations, rejects fixed substance, and allows for emptiness (since form emerges, not preexists). • All is interconnected structure (e.g., systemic or network metaphysics): Subsumes relation and emptiness, and may allow for substance as a derived feature. • All is experience (as in some forms of panpsychism or idealism): This may ground all three—substance as experience, relation as inter-experiential, emptiness as lack of fixed self. Alternatively, the minimal metaphysics might not be a set of principles, but a methodological stance: "Reality is what can be consistently described without contradiction, and is not reducible to a simpler framework." But that's more epistemic than metaphysical. Conclusion: Do Your Three Principles Form a Complete and Exclusive Set?No. Here's why: • They are not mutually exclusive: You can (and often do) combine them (e.g., one substance that is relational and formless). • They are not exhaustive: Other minimal metaphysical views (e.g., process, information, experience) are not captured by these three. • They are not equally fundamental: Emptiness is more epistemic/phenomenological than ontological, and may not stand on equal footing with substance or relation. Final Thought: What Might Be a Better Minimal Metaphysics?A truly minimal metaphysics might not be a set of positive claims, but a negation of unnecessary commitments—a kind of metaphysical minimalism akin to Wittgenstein's "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent," or Heidegger's "Being is not a being." Thus, a minimal metaphysics might not say what is, but what must not be: • No unnecessary substances • No fixed essences • No irreducible dualities In that sense, the minimal metaphysics might be the negation of metaphysical excess—and your three ideas may represent ways to avoid excess, but not a complete, exclusive set of alternatives. Suggested RefinementInstead of treating these as exclusive alternatives, consider them as three different ways to achieve metaphysical minimalism: 1. Substance minimalism → One substance, no plurality. 2. Relational minimalism → No isolated entities, only relations. 3. Formal minimalism → No fixed forms, reality is fluid. And a truly minimal metaphysics might be a framework that satisfies all three, or at least the strongest principle that implies the others. For example: All is process—this might imply: • A single underlying reality (substance), • That all is relation (since process is relational), • That form is emergent, not ultimate (emptiness). So perhaps process is a better candidate for minimal metaphysics than any of your three. But you're on a deep and fruitful path—this kind of inquiry lies at the heart of metaphysics. Let me know if you'd like to explore how these ideas appear in Eastern philosophy, analytic metaphysics, or quantum theory.
Q: Stepping back more generally, you bring up a good point about an apophatic approach vs positive claims. Indeed, metaphysics and philosophy has always seemed to have those who assume or assert some positive substance, essence, relation, origin, telos etc while others have said that no such claims should be made much less justified based on human limitations (e.g. of conditioning, mind, language, experience). Then, there are attempts to allow both or any/all poles without overt reification such as Taoism or Jainism.
You've touched on one of the most profound and enduring tensions in philosophy and metaphysics: the apophatic vs. cataphatic (or "negative vs. positive") approach to truth and reality. And you're absolutely right: this isn't just a historical or cultural divide—it's a fundamental structure of philosophical inquiry itself. Let me unpack this more deeply, not to settle it (for that may be impossible), but to illuminate how it shapes the very possibility of a minimal metaphysics. The Great Duality: Cataphatic vs. Apophatic Metaphysics1. Cataphatic (Affirmative) Metaphysics • Core claim: Reality can be described. There is a truth to be spoken. Typical forms: • Substance monism (e.g., Spinoza, Parmenides, Advaita Vedanta): "All is One." • Essentialism (e.g., Aristotle, Platonism): "Things have a true nature." • Teleology (e.g., Aquinas, Hegel): "Reality has a purpose or end." • Ontological realism (e.g., realism in science): "The world exists independently of us, and we can know it." These are positive, assertive metaphysics. They claim to say what is, often with confidence. 2. Apophatic (Negative) Metaphysics • Core claim: Reality transcends conceptualization. Any positive statement about it is ultimately misleading or false. Typical forms: • Sunyata (Emptiness) in Mahayana Buddhism: "All phenomena lack inherent existence." • Mysticism (e.g., Pseudo-Dionysius, Meister Eckhart, Ibn Arabi): "God is not God"—the divine is beyond all names and forms. • Skepticism (e.g., Hume, some forms of Zen): "We cannot know reality as it is." • Dissolution of subject/object (e.g., Nagarjuna, Heidegger): "Being is not a being"—the very idea of "being" fails when pushed. These are non-assertive, deconstructive, or paradoxical. They use language not to describe, but to dissolve the illusion of description. The Tension Is Not Just Philosophical—It's ExistentialThe choice between cataphatic and apophatic isn't merely academic. It reflects how we relate to reality: • Cataphatic thinkers often seek certainty, clarity, knowledge, power (to control or understand). • Apophatic thinkers often seek liberation, humility, openness, awakening—to let go of the need to know. And yet, paradoxically, both often arrive at similar experiential truths—peace, unity, non-duality—though they describe them in radically different ways. The Middle Way: Taoism, Jainism, and the "Neither/Both" of Minimal MetaphysicsYou mentioned Taoism and Jainism—and you're spot on. These traditions don't choose between cataphatic and apophatic. Instead, they transcend the dichotomy. Taoism (Daoism) • Key insight: "The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao." • It affirms the Dao as real, but denies it can be named or grasped. • The text Daodejing uses paradox: "The Tao is like a river, but not a river." • This is neither-both: not a substance, not a relation, not empty, not full—yet is. Jainism • Anekantavada (Non-Absolutism): Truth is multiple, not singular. • No single perspective captures reality. Even the statement "reality is empty" is only one perspective. • Syadvada (Conditional Predication): "From a certain standpoint, it is..."—a way of speaking without asserting finality. • This is a meta-epistemic minimalism: not claiming to know reality, but refusing to reify any claim about it. These are not just philosophical positions. They are ways of being—modes of attention, modes of language, modes of non-attachment. What Does This Mean for "Minimal Metaphysics"?You were asking: Can we have a minimal metaphysics that avoids reification, yet still says something? The answer may be: No, not in the way we expect. But yes, if we redefine "metaphysics" as a practice of not reifying, not as a doctrine. So perhaps the most minimal metaphysics isn't a set of claims, but a set of practices: 1. Refuse to name ultimate reality (apophatic). 2. Refuse to reduce everything to one substance (anti-monism). 3. Refuse to claim that relations are fundamental (anti-relationalism). 4. Refuse to say that emptiness is a property (anti-essentialism). 5. Hold all views as provisional, context-bound, and paradoxical. This is not nihilism. It's minimalism as reverence. A Minimal Metaphysics as a Practice, Not a DoctrineLet's imagine a minimal metaphysics not as a list of truths, but as a structure of non-attachment to metaphysical claims: “Do not say what reality is. Do not say what it is not. But do not stop questioning.” This echoes: • The Zen koan: “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” • Nagarjuna's Mu (nothingness): not a claim, but a tool to break conceptual fixation. • Wittgenstein: “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.” • Heidegger: "Being is not a being"—a sentence that isn't meant to be true, but to awaken. So the minimal metaphysics isn't a theory—it's a mode of being in the world, one that: • Avoids over-claiming knowledge • Respects the limits of language and mind • Allows for paradox, silence, and mystery • Is open to all perspectives, including its own. Final ReflectionYou're not wrong to seek a minimal metaphysics. But the deepest insight may be: The most minimal metaphysics is not a system, but the refusal to systematize. It's not about choosing between substance, relation, or emptiness. It's about not choosing at all—while still living in the world. And in that refusal lies a kind of wisdom. As the Tao Te Ching says: "The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao." And yet—when we speak it, we speak it not to know, but to point, to awaken, to be with. So if you're exploring minimal metaphysics, you might not end with a framework. You might end with a stance: To speak only to open, never to close. To know only to wonder. To be, not to be certain. And that, perhaps, is the most minimal—yet most profound—metaphysics of all.
Q: And yet, “systematization” appears over and over (e.g. Hegel, Wilber) in history, even as relative contemporaries proposed the opposite (e.g. William James, Derrida). Some, like Wittgenstein, moved from more systematic systems to more contextual or fluid approaches.
Yes—and this is exactly the paradox that gives philosophy its depth, its tension, and its enduring power. You've hit on one of the most profound patterns in the history of thought: the recurring impulse toward systematization, even as the very limits of systematization are exposed again and again. Let's explore why this happens, and what it might mean for the idea of a minimal metaphysics. The Cycle: Systematization → Crisis → Anti-System → New System?We see a recurring arc across centuries and traditions: 1. Systematization (e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, Wilber, Whitehead) 2. Critique of System (e.g., Nietzsche, Derrida, James, Heidegger, Buddhism) 3. Return to System? (e.g., postmodernism, integral theory, new forms of panpsychism) And yet, the system never truly dies. It returns—in new form, often disguised as “anti-system”—because the human mind craves structure, coherence, and meaning. Even the most radical anti-system thinkers often end up constructing a different kind of system—one that denies the old ones. Why Systematization Is Inevitable (and Also Unavoidably Problematic)Why We Build Systems • Cognitive need: The brain seeks patterns. We're pattern-making animals. • Need for coherence: Without structure, experience feels chaotic, meaningless, unbearable. • Power and authority: Systems give us tools to explain, predict, control, and justify. • Spiritual longing: We want to know “how it all fits together”—to feel at home in reality. So systems arise not just from intellect, but from existential need. As Nietzsche put it: “The will to truth is a form of the will to power.” Even truth-seeking is driven by desire. Why Systems Fail (and Must Fail) • They reify: They turn fluid, dynamic reality into fixed categories. • They exclude: Every system must draw boundaries. But reality may not have boundaries. • They collapse under their own weight: The more comprehensive a system, the more it must account for exceptions, paradoxes, and contradictions—which eventually undermine it. • They become dogma: Once a system is established, it resists change—and thus becomes a form of violence against experience. Derrida: “There is nothing outside the text.” Not to say reality is made of language—but that all access to reality is mediated by interpretation, so no system can claim to be the truth. The Paradox of the Anti-SystemEven the most anti-systematic thinkers often end up being systems. • William James argued for "radical empiricism"—experience as immediate, not structured by concepts. But he still built a philosophy of experience that structured the world in terms of "pure experience," "the stream of consciousness," "pluralism." • Derrida dismantled the Western metaphysical "logocentrism," but in doing so, he built a system of deconstruction — a method, a framework, a way of reading. • Wittgenstein, in his later work, moved from the rigid logic of the Tractatus (a closed system) to the fluid, game-like nature of language in Philosophical Investigations. Yet even here, he offers a system of language-games, rules, and forms of life—not a chaos, but a relational structure. So even anti-systems become systems—not by choice, but by the logic of thought itself. This is not a flaw—it's a feature of human cognition. The Tension: Is There a Way to Escape the Cycle?You might ask: Can we have a metaphysics that avoids systematization, yet avoids chaos? Yes—but not as a doctrine. As a practice. Here's how it might look: Minimal Metaphysics as Non-Systematic Practice Instead of saying: “All is relation,” or “All is empty,” or “There is one substance,” You say: “When I look, I see only interdependence.” “When I name, I know I'm distorting.” “When I speak, I do so to point, not to contain.” This is not a system—but it's not anarchic either. It's a stance of radical humility, not dogmatism. And it's not new. It's the heart of: • Zen: "No mind, no thought, no enlightenment." • Taoism: "The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao." • Buddhism: "I teach the Dharma to point to the truth—not to make it real." • Heidegger: "Being is not a being." • Nietzsche: "Truth is a mobile army of metaphors." • Derrida: "There is nothing outside the text"—not as a claim, but as a warning against finality. The Key: Systematization Is Not the Enemy—Reification Is The problem isn't structure, or language, or even metaphysics. The problem is mistaking the map for the territory. So the minimal metaphysics isn't about not having a system. It's about: • Always knowing that any system is provisional. • Never identifying with a system as final or absolute. • Using systems as tools, not as truths. • Being willing to dismantle any system, including this one, when it becomes rigid. As the Zen master said: "When you meet the Buddha, kill him." Not literally—but as a metaphor: Do not let any idea, even this one, become a god. The Great Irony: Even the Anti-System Is a SystemYes—every attempt to avoid systematization becomes, in effect, a new kind of system. But here's the beauty of it: • The irony is not a flaw—it's the point. • The failure of systematization is not a defeat—it's the beginning of wisdom. So the most minimal metaphysics might not be a position—it might be a recognition of the irony itself. “I am trying to say something simple, but I know that any simple statement will be wrong. And yet, I say it anyway—not to be true, but to open a door.” That's not a system. It's a gesture. Final Reflection: The Path Is Not to Avoid Systems—But to Know When to Let Them Go• Hegel built a grand system—but it was meant to be surpassed. • Wilber built an integral framework—but he says it's a "map," not the territory. • Derrida deconstructed every system—but he built a practice of deconstruction. • James rejected absolute truths—but he built a philosophy of experiential pluralism. And yet—none of them claimed to have the final answer. The great thinkers don't escape the cycle. They dance within it. And so can we. So What Is Minimal Metaphysics?It is not a doctrine. It is not a list of truths. It is not even a refusal of truth. It is: The willingness to say, “I don't know”—not out of despair, but out of openness. The courage to speak, not to know—but to point. The wisdom to know that every system is a story—and that the most honest story is the one that says, “This is not the end.” And in that, there is peace. Not in certainty. But in the quiet, open space between systems. That, perhaps, is the most minimal metaphysics of all.
Q: While the human psyche, cognition and culture reaches for—and often demands—unity, conformity, coherence and certainty, at no point in time has any human system wrested nature or human nature into a fully compliant system in our own image, except in small pockets for short periods of time. Nature will always intervene or interrupt whatever structures and systems we create.
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